Ecological and Biological Impacts of Azo Compounds: A Concise Review of Toxicity, Degradation, and Sustainable Solutions

Abstract

Abstract: Azo compounds, distinguished by the -N-N- group, are widely used in dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals for their vibrant colors and versatility. However, their industrial use poses environmental and health risks due to degradation into carcinogenic aromatic amines. This review explores their toxicity, degradation pathways, and sustainable remediation strategies. The study outlines acute and chronic health effects, including skin irritation and carcinogenicity, with benzidine and 2-naphthylamine as key hazards. Environmental persistence disrupts aquatic ecosystems and contaminates water resources. While regulations like EU REACH and FDA bans exist, enforcement gaps persist. Emerging remediation technologies, including eco-remediation, plasma oxidation, and nanocellulose adsorbents, show promise for efficient dye removal, while green chemistry approaches and digital monitoring tools offer sustainable solutions. The review underscores the need for further research to optimize the safety and efficacy of azo compounds, balancing their industrial benefits with environmental and health protections. This work provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industries striving to address the challenges posed by azo dye pollution.